The Journal of Pain
Volume 9, Issue 7 , Pages 588-596 , July 2008

The Relation of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms to Depression and Pain in Patients With Accident-Related Chronic Pain

  • Randy S. Roth

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Dr. Randy S. Roth, University of Michigan Health System, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 325 E. Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, MI 48108.
    • ,
  • Michael E. Geisser

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
    • ,
  • Rachel Bates

      Affiliations

    • School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Received 17 July 2007 ,Revised 15 January 2008 ,Accepted 19 January 2008.

References 

  1. Abramson LU, Seligman MEP, Teasdale JD. Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. J Abnorm Psychol. 1978;87:49–74
  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994;
  3. Asmundson GJG, Coons MJ, Taylor S, Katz J. PTSD and the experience of pain: Research and clinical implications of shared vulnerability and mutual maintenance models. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47:930–937
  4. Blanchard EB, Buckley TC, Hickling EJ, Taylor AE. Post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid major depression: Is the correlation an illusion?. J Anxiety Disord. 1998;12:21–37
  5. Blanchard EB, Hickling E. After the Crash: Assessment and Treatment of Motor Vehicle Survivors. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1997;
  6. Bryant RA, Harvey AG. Avoidant coping style and post-traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33:631–635
  7. Bryant RA, Moulds ML, Guthrie RM, Dang ST, Nixon RD. Imaginal exposure alone and imaginal exposure with cognitive restructuring in treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71:706–712
  8. Burchiel KJ, Anderson VC, Wilson BJ, Denison DB, Olson KA, Shatin D. Prognostic factors of spinal cord stimulation for chronic back and leg pain. Neurosurgery. 1995;36:1101–1111
  9. Byrne BM. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2001;
  10. Cook A, Brawer PA, Vowles KE. The fear-avoidance model of chronic pain validation and age analysis using structural equation modeling. Pain. 2006;121:195–206
  11. Crooks J, Tunks E, Rideout E, Browne J. Epidemiologic comparisons of persistent pain sufferers in a specialty pain clinic and in the community. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67:451–455
  12. Derogatis LR, Spencer PM. The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual-I. 1982;Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Clinical Psychometric Research
  13. Dolce JJ, Crocker MF, Doleys DM. Predicting outcome among chronic pain patients. Behav Res Ther. 1986;24:313–319
  14. Foa EB, Rothbaum BO, Riggs D, Murdock T. Treatment of PTSD in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;59:715–723
  15. Foa EB, Zinbarg R, Rothbaum BO. Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:218–238
  16. In:  Follette VM,  Ruzek JI,  Abueg FR editor. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Trauma. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1998;
  17. Geisser ME, Roth RS. Knowledge of and agreement with chronic pain diagnosis: Relation to affective distress, pain beliefs and coping, pain intensity, and disability. J Occup Rehabil. 1998;8:73–88
  18. Geisser ME, Roth RS, Bachman JE, Eckert TA. The relationship between symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and pain, affective disturbance and disability among patients with accident and non-accident related pain. Pain. 1996;66:207–214
  19. Geisser ME, Roth RS, Robinson ME. Assessing depression among persons with chronic pain using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory: A comparative analysis. Clin J Pain. 1997;13:163–170
  20. Geracioti TD, Carpenter LL, Owens MJ, Baker DG, Ekhator NN, Horn PS, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid substance P concentrations in post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:637–643
  21. Green BL, Krupnick JL, Chung J, Siddique J, Krause ED, Revicki D, et al. Impact of PTSD morbidity on one-year outcomes in a depression unit. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62:815–835
  22. Hammen C. Stress and depression. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:293–319
  23. Haythornthwaite JA, Seiber WJ, Kerns RD. Depression and the experience of chronic pain. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;46:177–184
  24. Hickling EJ, Blanchard EB. Post-traumatic stress disorder and motor vehicle accidents. J Anxiety Disord. 1992;6:285–291
  25. Holzberg AD, Geisser ME, Robinson ME. The effects of depression and chronic pain on psychosocial and physical functioning. Clin J Pain. 1996;12:118–125
  26. Hu L, Bentler P. Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychol Methods. 1998;3:424–453
  27. Hu L, Bentler P. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Mod. 1999;6:1–55
  28. Jones IH, Riley WT. The post-accident syndrome: Variations in the clinical picture. Aust N Z J Psychiat. 1987;221:560–567
  29. Keane TM, Barlow DH. Post-traumatic stress disorder. In:  Barlow DH editors. Anxiety and Its Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002;p. 418–453
  30. Keefe FJ, Wilkins RH, Cook WA, Crisson JE, Muhlbaier LH. Depression, pain and pain behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54:665–669
  31. Keefe FJ, Rumble ME, Scipio CD, Giordana LA, Perri LM. Psychological aspects of persistent pain: Current status of the science. J Pain. 2004;5:195–211
  32. Kerns RD, Turk DC, Rudy TE. The West-Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI). Pain. 1985;23:345–356
  33. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Highes M, Nelson CB. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:1048–1060
  34. Lanyon RI. Assessing the misrepresentation of health problems. J Person Assess. 2003;8:1–10
  35. Mathews A, MacLeod C. Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:167–195
  36. McCracken LM, Eccleston C. A prospective study of acceptance of pain and patient functioning with chronic pain. Pain. 2005;118:164–169
  37. Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain. 1975;1:277–299
  38. Muse M. Narcosynthesis in the treatment of post-traumatic chronic pain: A case study. Rehabil Psychol. 1984;29:113–118
  39. Muse M, Frigola G. Development of a quick screening instrument for detecting post-traumatic stress disorder in the chronic pain patient: Construction of the Post-traumatic Chronic Pain Test (PCPT). Clin J Pain. 1986;2:151–153
  40. Nishith P, Hearst DE, Mueser KT, Foa EB. PTSD and major depression: methodological and treatment considerations in a single case design. Behav Ther. 1995;26:319–335
  41. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100:569–582
  42. Radloff L. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. J Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401
  43. Rudy TE, Kerns RD, Turk DC. Chronic pain and depression: Toward a cognitive-behavioral mediation model. Pain. 1988;35:129–140
  44. Ruggiero KJ, Del Ben K, Scott JR, Rabalais AE. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist, Civilian Version. J Traumatic Stress. 2003;16:495–502
  45. Sharp TJ, Harvey AG. Chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder: Mutual maintenance?. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21:857–877
  46. Sherman JJ, Turk DC, Okifuji A. Prevalence and impact of post-traumatic stress disorder-like symptoms on patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin J Pain. 2000;16:127–134
  47. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990;
  48. Starr S, Moulds ML. The role of negative interpretations of intrusive memories in depression. J Affect Dis. 2006;93:125–132
  49. Sullivan MJL, Thorn B, Haythornthwaite JA, Keefe F, Martin M, Bradley LA, et al. Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:52–64
  50. Tait RC, Pollard CA, Margolis RB, Duckro PN, Krause S. The Pain Disability Index: Psychometric and validity data. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68:438–441
  51. Tait RC, Chibnall JT, Krause S. The Pain Disability Index: Psychometric properties. Pain. 1990;40:171–182
  52. Toomey TC, Seville JL, Abashian SW, Finkel AG, Mann JD. Circumstances of chronic pain onset: Relationship to pain description, coping and psychological distress. [Abstract] Miami Beach, FL: American Pain Society; 1994;A-76
  53. Tsushima WT, Stoddard VM. Ethnic group similarities in the biofeedback treatment of pain. Med Psychother. 1990;3:69–75
  54. Turk DC, Okifuji A. Detecting depression in chronic pain patients: Adequacy of self-reports. Behav Res Ther. 1994;32:9–16
  55. Turk DC, Okifuji A. Perception of traumatic onset, compensation status, and physical findings: Impact of pain severity, emotional distress, and disability in chronic pain patients. J Behav Med. 1996;19:435–453
  56. Turk DC, Okifuji A. Psychological factors in chronic pain: Evolution and revolution. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:678–690
  57. Vlaeyen JWS, Kole-Snidjers AMJ, Rotteveel AM, Rvesink R, Heuts PHTG. The role of fear of movement (re)injury in pain disability. J Occup Rehabil. 1995;5:235–252
  58. Vlaeyen JWS, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art. Pain. 2000;85:317–332
  59. Wald J, Taylor S, Federoff IC. The challenge of treating PTSD in the context of chronic pain. In:  Taylor S editors. Advances in the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives. New York, NY: Springer; 2004;p. 197–222
  60. Zayfert C, Fourt L, Seville JL, Ferguson R, Robinson AB. PTSD symptoms in pain patients undergoing functional capacity evaluation. 1999;Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, San Diego, CA, March
  61. Zlotnick C, Warshaw M, Shea MT, Keller MB. Trauma and chronic depression among patients with anxiety disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65:333–336

PII: S1526-5900(08)00391-X

doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.01.333

The Journal of Pain
Volume 9, Issue 7 , Pages 588-596 , July 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution