Received 7 February 2008; received in revised form 10 September 2008; accepted 23 September 2008. published online 23 February 2009.
Abstract
The current study tested whether the effectiveness of distraction using virtual reality (VR) technology in reducing cold pressor pain would maintain over the course of 8 weekly exposures. Twenty-eight adults, 18 to 23 years of age, underwent 1 baseline cold pressor trial and 1 VR distraction trial in randomized order each week. VR distraction led to significant increases in pain threshold and pain tolerance and significant decreases in pain intensity, time spent thinking about pain, and self-reported anxiety, relative to baseline. Repeated exposure did not appear to affect the benefits of VR. Implications for the long-term use of VR distraction as a nonpharmacological analgesic are discussed.
Perspective
This article addresses the concern that the efficacy of virtual reality–assisted distraction from pain could potentially decrease with repeated exposure. The current finding that efficacy did not diminish over several repeated exposures provides support for the use of virtual reality as an adjuvant treatment of pain.
∗Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
†Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Address reprint requests to Dr Lynnda M. Dahlquist, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250.
Supported in part by a University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Undergraduate research award to the first author and by grant R01HD050385 from the National Institute for Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health.
The authors are not aware of any potential conflicts of interest.
ABSTRACT