The Journal of Pain
Volume 10, Issue 9 , Pages 932-943 , September 2009

Development and Preliminary Testing of a Computerized Adaptive Assessment of Chronic Pain

  • Milena D. Anatchkova

      Affiliations

    • QualityMetric Incorporated, Lincoln, Rhode Island
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Dr Milena Anatchkova, QualityMetric Incorporated, 24 Albion Road, Bldg 400, Lincoln, RI 02865.
  • ,
  • Renee N. Saris-Baglama

      Affiliations

    • QualityMetric Incorporated, Lincoln, Rhode Island
  • ,
  • Mark Kosinski

      Affiliations

    • QualityMetric Incorporated, Lincoln, Rhode Island
  • ,
  • Jakob B. Bjorner

      Affiliations

    • QualityMetric Incorporated, Lincoln, Rhode Island
    • National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Dr Milena Anatchkova, QualityMetric Incorporated, 24 Albion Road, Bldg 400, Lincoln, RI 02865.

Received 7 October 2008 ,Revised 10 January 2009 ,Accepted 6 March 2009.

References 

  1. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Musculoskeletal conditions in the United States. American Academy of Orthodpaedic Surgeons Bulletin. 1999;27:34–36
  2. Anatchkova M, Kosinski M, Saris-Baglama R. How many questions does it take to obtain valid and precise estimates of the impact of pain on a patient's life?. J Pain. 2007;8(4, Supplement 1):S72
  3. Anderson K, Syrjala K, Cleeland C. How to assess cancer pain. In:  Turk DC,  Melzack R editor. Handbook of Pain Assessment. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2001;
  4. Bayliss MS, Dewey JE, Dunlap I, Batenhorst AS, Cady R, Diamond ML, et al. A study of the feasibility of Internet administration of a computerized health survey: The headache impact test (HIT). Qual Life Res. 2003;12:953–961
  5. Becker J, Schwartz C, Saris-Baglama RN, Kosinski M, Bjorner JB. Using Item Response Theory (IRT) for developing and evaluating the Pain Impact Questionnaire (PIQ-6tm). Pain Med. 2007;8:129–144
  6. Berry DL, Trigg LJ, Lober WB, Karras BT, Galligan ML, Austin-Seymour M, et al. Computerized symptom and quality-of-life assessment for patients with cancer, I: Development and pilot testing. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2004;31:E75–E83
  7. Bjorner JB. Final bodily pain item bank calibrations. QM Internal Report. 2006;
  8. Bjorner JB, Kosinski M, Ware JE. Calibration of an item pool for assessing the burden of headaches: An application of item response theory to the headache impact test (HIT). Qual Life Res. 2003;12:913–933
  9. Blyth FM, March LM, Brnabic AJ, Jorm LR, Williamson M, Cousins MJ. Chronic pain in Australia: A prevalence study. Pain. 2001;89:127–134
  10. Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain. 2006;10:287–333
  11. Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM. The fibromyalgia impact questionnaire: Development and validation. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:728–733
  12. Carlson LE, Speca M, Hagen N, Taenzer P. Computerized quality-of-life screening in a cancer pain clinic. J Palliat Care. 2001;17:46–52
  13. Cella D, Yount S, Rothrock N, Gershon R, Cook K, Reeve B, et al. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): Progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Med Care. 2007;45:S3–S11
  14. Cleeland CS. The Brief Pain Inventory, a Measure of Cancer Pain and its Impact. Quality of Life Newsletter. 1994;9:5–6
  15. Colombo GL, Caruggi M, Vinci M. [Quality of life and treatment costs in patients with non-cancer chronic pain]. Recent Prog Med. 2004;95:512–520
  16. Dogra S, Hahn B, King-Zeller S. Impact of chronic pain on quality of life. Pain Med. 2000;1:196
  17. Elliott AM, Smith BH, Hannaford PC, Smith WC, Chambers WA. The course of chronic pain in the community: Results of a 4-year follow-up study. Pain. 2002;99:299–307
  18. Eriksen J, Jensen MK, Sjogren P, Ekholm O, Rasmussen NK. Epidemiology of chronic non-malignant pain in Denmark. Pain. 2003;106:221–228
  19. Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O'Brien JP. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy. 1980;66:271–273
  20. Fleishman JA, Cohen JW, Manning WG, Kosinski M. Using the SF-12 health status measure to improve predictions of medical expenditures. Med Care. 2006;44:I54–I63
  21. Fries JF, Bruce B, Cella D. The promise of PROMIS: Using item response theory to improve assessment of patient-reported outcomes. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005;23:S53–S57
  22. Gaertner J, Elsner F, Pollmann-Dahmen K, Radbruch L, Sabatowski R. Electronic pain diary: A randomized crossover study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;28:259–267
  23. Gerbershagen HU, Lindena G, Korb J, Kramer S. Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic pain. Schmerz. 2002;16:271
  24. Gilson BS, Gilson JS, Bergner M, Bobbit RA, Kressel S, Pollard WE, et al. The sickness impact profile: Development of an outcome measure of health care. Am J Public Health. 1975;65:1304–1310
  25. Gureje O, Von Korff M, Simon GE, Gater R. Persistent pain and well-being: A World Health Organization Study in Primary Care. JAMA. 1998;280:147–151
  26. Hahn EA, Cella D, Bode RK, Gershon R, Lai JS. Item banks and their potential applications to health status assessment in diverse populations. Med Care. 2006;44:S189–S197
  27. Hart DL, Cook KF, Mioduski JE, Teal CR, Crane PK. Simulated computerized adaptive test for patients with shoulder impairments was efficient and produced valid measures of function. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59:290–298
  28. Hart DL, Mioduski JE, Werneke MW, Stratford PW. Simulated computerized adaptive test for patients with lumbar spine impairments was efficient and produced valid measures of function. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59:947–956
  29. Heuser J, Geissner E. [Computerized version of the pain experience scale: A study of equivalence]. Schmerz. 1998;12:205–208
  30. Hunt S, McEwen J, Mckenna S. Measuring Health Status. London: Croom Helm; 1986;
  31. Huskisson EC. Visual analog scales. In:  Melzack R editors. Pain Management and Assessment. New York, New York: Raven Press; 1983;p. 33–37
  32. Jamison RN, Fanciullo GJ, Baird JC. Computerized dynamic assessment of pain: Comparison of chronic pain patients and healthy controls. Pain Med. 2004;5:168–177
  33. Jamison RN, Raymond SA, Slawsby EA, McHugo GJ, Baird JC. Pain assessment in patients with low back pain: Comparison of weekly recall and momentary electronic data. J Pain. 2006;7:192–199
  34. Katz N. The impact of pain management on quality of life. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2002;24:S38–S47
  35. Kerr S, Fairbrother G, Crawford M, Hogg M, Fairbrother D, Khor KE. Patient characteristics and quality of life among a sample of Australian chronic pain clinic attendees. Intern Med J. 2004;34:403–409
  36. Kopec JA, Badii M, McKenna M, Lima VD, Sayre EC, Dvorak M. Computerized adaptive testing in back pain: Validation of the CAT-5D-QOL. Spine. 2008;33:1384–1390
  37. Kosinski M, Bjorner JB, Ware JE, Batenhorst A, Cady RK. The responsiveness of headache impact scales scored using ‘classical’ and ‘modern’ psychometric methods: A re-analysis of three clinical trials. Qual Life Res. 2003;12:903–912
  38. Kosinski M, Bjorner JB, Ware JE, Sullivan E, Straus WL. An evaluation of a patient-reported outcomes found computerized adaptive testing was efficient in assessing osteoarthritis impact. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59:715–723
  39. Kvien TK, Mowinckel P, Heiberg T, Dammann KL, Dale O, Aanerud GJ, et al. Performance of health status measures with a pen based personal digital assistant. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:1480–1484
  40. Lai JS, Dineen K, Reeve BB, Von Roenn J, Shervin D, McGuire M, et al. An item response theory-based pain item bank can enhance measurement precision. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005;30:278–288
  41. Lam CL, Tse EYY, Gandek B. Is the standard SF-12 Health Survey valid and equivalent for a Chinese population?. Qual Life Res. 2005;14:539–547
  42. Marceau LD, Link C, Jamison RN, Carolan S. Electronic diaries as a tool to improve pain management: Is there any evidence?. Pain Med. 2007;8:101–109
  43. McHorney CA, Ware JE, Raczek AE. The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), II: Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Med Care. 1993;31:247–263
  44. McKenzie DP, Ikin JF, McFarlane AC, Creamer M, Forbes AB, Kelsall HL, et al. Psychological health of Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: An assessment using the SF-12, GHQ-12 and PCL-S6. Psycholog Med. 2004;34:1419–1430
  45. Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain. 1975;1:277–299
  46. Muller-Nordhorn J, Nolte CH, Rossnagel K, Jungehulsing GJ, Reich A, Roll S, et al. The use of the 12-item short-form health status instrument in a longitudinal study of patients with stroke and transient ischaemic attack. Neuroepidemiology. 2005;24:196–202
  47. Muraki E. A generalized partial credit model: Application of an EM algorithm. Appl Psycholog Measur. 1992;16:159–176
  48. Muraki E. Information functions of the generalized partial credit model. Appl Psychol Measur. 1993;17:351–363
  49. Nickel R, Raspe HH. [Chronic pain: Epidemiology and health care utilization]. Nervenarzt. 2001;72:897–906
  50. Niv D, Kreitler S. Pain and quality of life. Pain Practice. 2001;1:150–161
  51. Palermo TM, Valenzuela D, Stork PP. A randomized trial of electronic versus paper pain diaries in children: Impact on compliance, accuracy, and acceptability. Pain. 2004;107:213–219
  52. Panel on Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace CoBaSSaENRC. Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2001;
  53. Phillips DM. JCAHO pain management standards are unveiled: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. JAMA. 2000;284:428–429
  54. Revicki DA, Cella DF. Health status assessment for the twenty-first century: Item response theory, item banking and computer adaptive testing. Qual Life Res. 1997;6:595–600
  55. Rozario PA, Morrow-Howell NL, Proctor EK. Changes in the SF-12 among depressed elders six months after discharge from an inpatient geropsychiatric unit. Qual Life Res. 2006;15:755–759
  56. Ruta DA, Garratt AM, Wardlaw D, Russell IT. Developing a valid and reliable measure of health outcome for patients with low back pain. Spine. 1994;19:1887–1896
  57. Saris-Baglama R, Anatchkova M, Kosinski M. A clinical feasibility study of a computerized adaptive test for chronic pain (CHRONIC PAIN-CAT). J Pain. 2007;8(4, Suppl 1):S73
  58. Schwartz C, Welch G, Santiago-Kelley P, Bode R, Sun X. Computerized adaptive testing of diabetes impact: A feasibility study of Hispanics and non-Hispanics in an active clinic population. Qual Life Res. 2006;15:1503–1518
  59. Sheehan J, McKay J, Ryan M, Walsh N, O'Keeffe D. What cost chronic pain?. Ir Med J. 1996;89:218–219
  60. Singh A, Gnanalingham K, Casey A, Crockard A. Quality of life assessment using the Short Form-12 (SF-12) questionnaire in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: Comparison with SF-36. Spine. 2006;31:639–643
  61. Stewart AL, Ware JE, Brook RH. A Study of the Reliability, Validity, and Precision of Scales to Measure Chronic Functional Limitations Due to Poor Health. Santa Monica, CA. RAND Corporation; 1977;
  62. Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D, Lipton R. Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce. JAMA. 2003;290:2443–2454
  63. Stinson JN, Petroz GC, Tait G, Feldman BM, Streiner D, McGrath PJ, et al. e-Ouch: Usability testing of an electronic chronic pain diary for adolescents with arthritis. Clin J Pain. 2006;22:295–305
  64. Swiontkowski MF, Engelberg R, Martin DP, Agel J. Short musculoskeletal function assessment questionnaire: Validity, reliability, and responsiveness. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:1245–1260
  65. EuroQol–A new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. The EuroQol Group. Health Policy. 1990;16:199–208
  66. Thomsen AB, Sorensen J, Sjogren P, Eriksen J. Economic evaluation of multidisciplinary pain management in chronic pain patients: A qualitative systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2001;22:688–698
  67. Turk DC, Melzack R. Handbook of Pain Assessment. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2001;
  68. VanDenKerkhof EG, Goldstein DH, Lane J, Rimmer MJ, Van Dijk JP. Using a personal digital assistant enhances gathering of patient data on an acute pain management service: A pilot study. Can J Anaesth. 2003;50:368–375
  69. Verhaak PF, Kerssens JJ, Dekker J, Sorbi MJ, Bensing JM. Prevalence of chronic benign pain disorder among adults: A review of the literature. Pain. 1998;77:231–239
  70. Wainer H. Computerized adaptive testing: A primer. 2nd ed.. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2000;
  71. Ware JE. Conceptualization and measurement of health-related quality of life: Comments on an evolving field. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:S43–S51
  72. Ware JE, Bjorner JB, Kosinski M. Practical implications of item response theory and computerized adaptive testing: A brief summary of ongoing studies of widely used headache impact scales. Med Care. 2000;38:73–82
  73. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Bjorner JB, Bayliss MS, Batenhorst A, Dahlof CG, et al. Applications of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) to the assessment of headache impact. Qual Life Res. 2003;12:935–952
  74. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Dewey JE, Gandek B. How to Score and Interpret Single-Item Health Status Measures: A Manual for Users of the SF-8 Health Survey (With a Supplement on the SF-6 Health Survey). Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Incorporated; 2001;
  75. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Turner-Bowker DM, Gandek B. How to Score Version 2 of the SF-12(r) Health Survey (With a Supplement Documenting Version 1). Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Incorporated; 2002;
  76. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), I: Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30:473–483
  77. Warm TA. Weighted likelihood estimation of ability in item response theory. Psychometrika. 1989;54:427–450
  78. Wilkie DJ, Judge MK, Berry DL, Dell J, Zong S, Gilespie R. Usability of a computerized PAINReportIt in the general public with pain and people with cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2003;25:213–224

 Supported by Small Business Innovation Research Grant #1R43AR052251-01A1 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.

PII: S1526-5900(09)00452-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.03.007

The Journal of Pain
Volume 10, Issue 9 , Pages 932-943 , September 2009