The Journal of Pain
Volume 10, Issue 10 , Pages 1020-1028 , October 2009

Attachment Relationships Shape Pain-Signaling Behavior

  • Kasia Kozlowska

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Dr. Kasia Kozlowska, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, NSW 2145, Australia.

References 

  1. Adolphs R, Damasio AR. Neurobiology of Emotion at a Systems Level. In:  Borod JC editors. The neuropsychology of emotion. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000;p. 194–213
  2. Adolphs R, Damasio H, Tranel D. Neural systems for recognition of emotional prosody: A 3-D lesion study. Emotion. 2002;2:23–51
  3. Ainsworth MD, Witting BA. Attachment and Exploratory Behavior of One-year-olds in a Strange Situation. First Edition. London, U.K.: Methuen; 1969;
  4. Ainsworth MD, Blehar MC, Everett W, Wall S. Patterns of Attachment. A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. First Edition. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1978;
  5. Bohus M, Limberger M, Ebner U, Glocker FX, Schwarz B, Wernz M, et al. Pain perception during self-reported distress and calmness in patients with borderline personality disorder and self-mutilating behavior. Psychiatry Res. 2000;95:251–260
  6. Bushnell MC, Duncan GH, Hofbauer RK, Ha B, Chen JI, Carrier B. Pain perception: Is there a role for primary somatosensory cortex?. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:7705–7709
  7. Chapman CR. The affective dimension of pain: A model. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. 1995;22:283–301
  8. Chrousos GP. Regulation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The corticotropin-releasing hormone perspective. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1992;21:833–858
  9. Chrousos GP, Gold PW. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA. 1992;267:1244–1252
  10. Chrousos GP, Gold PW. A healthy body in a healthy mind–and vice versa–the damaging power of “uncontrollable” stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1842–1845
  11. Claussen AH. Maternal Sensitivity. In:  Crittenden PM,  Claussen AH editor. The organization of attachment relationships: Maturation, culture, and context. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2000;p. 115–122
  12. Coghill RC, Sang CN, Maisog JM, Iadarola MJ. Pain intensity processing within the human brain: A bilateral, distributed mechanism. J Neurophysiol. 1999;82:1934–1943
  13. Craig AD. How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3:655–666
  14. Craig AD. Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2003;13:500–505
  15. Craig KD, Whitfield MF, Grunau RV, Linton J, Hadjistavropoulos HD. Pain in the preterm neonate: behavioural and physiological indices. Pain. 1993;52:287–299
  16. Crittenden PM. Attaccamento in eta adulta. L'approccio dinamico-maturtiva alla Adult Attachment Interview. First Edition. Milano: Cortina; 1999;
  17. Crittenden PM. Attachment and risk for psychopathology: The early years. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1995;16:S12–S16
  18. Crittenden PM. Attachment theory, information processing, and psychiatric disorder. World Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;1:72–75
  19. Crittenden PM. Danger and Development: The organization of self-protective strategies. Monographs for the Society for Research on Child Development. 1999;64:145
  20. Crittenden PM. The Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy. 2006;27:106–115
  21. In:  Crittenden PM editors. Raising Parents: Attachment, Parenting and Child Safety. First Edition. Portland, OR: Willan Publishing; 2008;
  22. Crittenden PM. Towards an integrative theory of trauma: A dynamic-maturational approach. In:  Cicchetti D,  Toth SL editor. Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research, and intervention. First Edition. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press; 1997;p. 34
  23. Crittenden PM. Why do inadequate parents do what they do?. In:  Mayseless O editors. Parenting representations: Theory, research, and clinical implications. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2006;p. 333–433
  24. Crittenden PM, Claussen A, Kozlowska K. Choosing a valid assessment of attachment for clinical use: A Comparitive Study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy. 2007;28:78–87
  25. Damasio AR. Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain. 1st ed. Orlando, FL: Harcourt; 2003;
  26. Darwin C. The expression of emotion in man and animals. Oxford University Press; 1872;
  27. Dihle A, Bjolseth G, Helseth S. The gap between saying and doing in postoperative pain management. J Clin Nurs. 2006;15:469–479
  28. Eisenberger NI, Kemeny ME, Wyatt GE. Psychological inhibition and CD4 T-cell levels in HIV-seropositive women. J Psychosom Res. 2003;54:213–224
  29. Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD, Williams KD. Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science. 2003;302:290–292
  30. Ene KW, Nordberg G, Bergh I, Johansson FG, Sjostrom B. Postoperative pain management–the influence of surgical ward nurses. J Clin Nurs. 2008;17:2042–2050
  31. Farina S, Tinazzi M, Le Pera D, Valeriani M. Pain-related modulation of the human motor cortex. Neurol Res. 2003;25:130–142
  32. Fleming AS, O'Day DH, Kraemer GW. Neurobiology of mother-infant interactions: Experience and central nervous system plasticity across development and generations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1999;23:673–685
  33. Francis DD, Meaney MJ. Maternal care and the development of stress responses. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1999;9:128–134
  34. Gross JJ, Levenson RW. Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993;64:970–986
  35. Gross JJ, Levenson RW. Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. J Abnorm Psyhol. 1997;106:95–103
  36. Grunau RV, Craig KD. Pain expression in neonates: Facial action and cry. Pain. 1987;28:395–410
  37. Hofer MA. Early relationships as regulators of infant physiology and behavior. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1994;397:9–18
  38. Kanaan RA, Craig TK, Wessely SC, David AS. Imaging repressed memories in motor conversion disorder. Psychosom Med. 2007;69:202–205
  39. Kozlowska K. A conceptual model and practice framework for managing chronic pain in children and adolescents. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2008;16:136–150
  40. Kozlowska K. The developmental origins of conversion disorders. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;12:487–510
  41. Kozlowska K. Healing the disembodied mind: Contemporary models of conversion disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2005;13:1–13
  42. Lipowski ZJ. Somatization: The concept and its clinical application. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:1358–1368
  43. Mailis-Gagnon A, Giannoylis I, Downar J, Kwan CL, Mikulis DJ, Crawley AP, et al. Altered central somatosensory processing in chronic pain patients with “hysterical” anesthesia. Neurology. 2003;60:1501–1507
  44. Mailis A, Papagapiou M, Umana M, Cohodarevic T, Nowak J, Nicholson K. Unexplainable nondermatomal somatosensory deficits in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain in the context of litigation/compensation: A role for involvement of central factors?. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:1385–1393
  45. Manias E, Bucknall T, Botti M. Nurses' strategies for managing pain in the postoperative setting. Pain Manag Nurs. 2005;6:18–29
  46. McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:171–179
  47. McGrath PA. The measurement of human pain. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1986;2:124–129
  48. Meaney MJ. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:1161–1192
  49. Melzack R. Pain and Stress: A New Perpective. In:  Gatchel RJ,  Turk DC editor. Psychosocial factors in pain: Critical perspectives. First Edition. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1999;p. 89–105
  50. Miller E. Defining hysterical symptoms. Psychol Med. 1988;18:275–277
  51. Morris JdM, GM. Herbestein, M.: Psychogenic gait: An example of deceptive signaling, in Hallett M, Cloninger CR (eds): Psychogenic movement disorders: Neurology and neuropsychiatry, First Edition. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006, pp 69-75
  52. O'Rouke D. The measurement of pain in infants, children and adolescents: From policy to practice. Physical Therapy. 2004;84:560–570
  53. Parent C, Zhang T, Caldji C, Bagot R, Champagne FA, Pruessner J, et al. Maternal Care and Individual Differences in Defensive Responses. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2005;14:229–233
  54. Pennebaker JW. Traumatic Experience and Psychosomatic Disease: Exploring the Roles of Behavioural inhibition, obsession, and confiding. Canadian Psychology. 1985;26:82–95
  55. Pilowsky I. Abnormal illness behaviours and their treatments. Med J Aust. 1990;153:346–348
  56. Price DD, Bush FM, Long S, Harkins SW. A comparison of pain measurement characteristics of mechanical visual analogue and simple numerical rating scales. Pain. 1994;56:217–226
  57. Rainville P. Brain mechanisms of pain affect and pain modulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2002;12:195–204
  58. Rainville P, Duncan GH, Price DD, Carrier B, Bushnell MC. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science. 1997;277:968–971
  59. Spangler G, Schieche M, Ilg U, Maier U, Ackermann C. Maternal sensitivity as an external organizer for biobehavioral regulation in infancy. Dev Psychobiol. 1994;27:425–437
  60. Squire L. Declarative and non-declarative memory: Multiple brain systems supporting learning and memory. Journal of Cognitive Neurosciences. 1992;4:232–243
  61. Sroufe LA. Emotional development: The organization of emotional life in the early years. First Edition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1996;
  62. Stern DN. The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. First Edition. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1985;
  63. Stevens BJ, Johnston CC, Horton L. Factors that influence the behavioral pain responses of premature infants. Pain. 1994;59:101–109
  64. Terr L. Unchanged memories. First Edition. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1994;
  65. Trevarthen C. Intrinsic motives for companionship in understanding: Their origin, development, and significance for infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal. 2001;22:95–131
  66. Turner M. Malingering, hysteria, and the factitious disorders. Cognit Neuropsychiatry. 1999;4:193–201
  67. Van IJzendoorn M, Kroonenberg PM. Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: A meta-analysis of the strange situation. Child Dev. 1988;59:147–156
  68. Van IJzendoorn M, Sagis A. Cross-cultural patterns of attachment–universal and contextual dimensions. First Edition. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1999;
  69. Weaver IC, Meaney MJ, Szyf M. Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:3480–3485
  70. Wessely S. Historical aspects of malingering. In:  Halligan P,  Oakley D editor. Malingering and illness deception. First Edition. Oxford, U.K: Oxford University Press; 2003;p. 31–41
  71. Williams AC. Facial expression of pain: An evolutionary account. Behav Brain Sci. 2002;25:439–455

PII: S1526-5900(09)00472-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.03.014

The Journal of Pain
Volume 10, Issue 10 , Pages 1020-1028 , October 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution