The Journal of Pain
Volume 11, Issue 11 , Pages 1039-1046 , November 2010

The Impact of Adolescent Chronic Pain on Functioning: Disentangling the Complex Role of Anxiety

  • Lindsey L. Cohen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
    • Centre for Pain Research, School for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Lindsey L. Cohen, PhD, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30302-5010.
  • ,
  • Kevin E. Vowles

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Pain Research, School for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
    • Interdisciplinary Musculoskeletal Pain Assessment and Community Treatment Service, The Haywood Hospital and Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
  • ,
  • Christopher Eccleston

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Pain Research, School for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK

Received 24 April 2009 ,Revised 8 September 2009 ,Accepted 29 September 2009.

References 

  1. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 1994;
  2. Aiken LS, West SG. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. London, UK: Sage Publications; 1991;
  3. Asmundson GJ, Norton PJ, Norton GR. Beyond pain: The role of fear and avoidance in chronicity. Clin Psychol Rev. 1999;19:97–119
  4. Claar RL, Walker LS. Functional assessment of pediatric pain patients: Psychometric properties of the functional disability inventory. Pain. 2006;121:77–84
  5. Cohen LL, Lemanek K, Blount RL, Dahlquist LM, Lim CS, Palermo TM, et al. Evidence-based assessment of pediatric pain. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008;33:939–955discussion 956-937, 2008
  6. Crombez G, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, Lysens R. Pain-related fear is more disabling than pain itself: evidence on the role of pain-related fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain. 1999;80:329–339
  7. Eccleston C, Jordan A, McCracken LM, Sleed M, Connell H, Clinch J. The Bath Adolescent Pain Questionnaire (BAPQ): Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of an instrument to assess the impact of chronic pain on adolescents. Pain. 2005;118:263–270
  8. Eccleston C, McCracken LM, Jordan A, Sleed M. Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of the parent report version of the Bath Adolescent Pain Questionnaire (BAPQ-P): A multidimensional parent report instrument to assess the impact of chronic pain on adolescents. Pain. 2007;131:48–56
  9. El-Metwally A, Salminen JJ, Auvinen A, Kautiainen H, Mikkelsson M. Prognosis of non-specific musculoskeletal pain in preadolescents: A prospective 4-year follow-up study till adolescence. Pain. 2004;110:550–559
  10. Fordyce WEPD. Behavioral Methods for Chronic Pain and Illness. Orlando, FL: Mosby Inc; 1976;
  11. Gauntlett-Gilbert J, Eccleston C. Disability in adolescents with chronic pain: Patterns and predictors across different domains of functioning. Pain. 2007;131:132–141
  12. Goodman JE, McGrath PJ. The epidemiology of pain in children and adolescents: A review. Pain. 1991;46:247–264
  13. Goubert L, Eccleston C, Vervoort T, Jordan A, Crombez G. Parental catastrophizing about their child's pain. The parent version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-P): A preliminary validation. Pain. 2006;123:254–263
  14. Hakala P, Rimpela A, Salminen JJ, Virtanen SM, Rimpela M. Back, neck, and shoulder pain in Finnish adolescents: National cross sectional surveys. Br Med J. 2002;325:743–746
  15. Holmbeck GN. Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in studies of pediatric populations. J Pediatr Psychol. 2002;27:87–96
  16. Huguet A, Miro J. The severity of chronic pediatric pain: An epidemiological study. J Pain. 2008;9:226–236
  17. Hunfeld JA, Passchier J, Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, van der Wouden JC. Quality of life in adolescents with chronic pain in the head or at other locations. Cephalalgia. 2001;21:201–206
  18. James A, Soler A, Weatherall R: Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004690, 2005
  19. Kaczynski KJ, Claar RL, Logan DE. Testing gender as a moderator of associations between psychosocial variables and functional disability in children and adolescents with chronic pain. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008;34:738–748
  20. Kashikar-Zuck S, Goldschneider KR, Powers SW, Vaught MH, Hershey AD. Depression and functional disability in chronic pediatric pain. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:341–349
  21. Kashikar-Zuck S, Lynch AM, Slater S, Graham TB, Swain NF, Noll RB. Family factors, emotional functioning, and functional impairment in juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:1392–1398
  22. Kashikar-Zuck S, Parkins IS, Graham TB, Lynch AM, Passo M, Johnston M, et al. Anxiety, mood, and behavioral disorders among pediatric patients with juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin J Pain. 2008;24:620–626
  23. Kashikar-Zuck S, Vaught MH, Goldschneider KR, Graham TB, Miller JC. Depression, coping, and functional disability in juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Pain. 2002;3:412–419
  24. Keppel G. Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook. 3rd ed.. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc; 1991;
  25. Kotsopoulos S. Phenomenology of anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1989;12:803–814
  26. Kutner MH, Nachtsheim CJ, Neter J. Applied Linear regression Models. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin; 2004;
  27. McCracken LM, Faber SD, Janeck AS. Pain-related anxiety predicts non-specific physical complaints in persons with chronic pain. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36:621–630
  28. McCracken LM, Gross RT. The role of pain-related anxiety reduction in the outcome of multidisciplinary treatment for chronic low back pain: preliminary results. J Occup Rehabil. 1998;8:179–189
  29. McCracken LM, Keogh E. Acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action may counteract fear and avoidance of emotions in chronic pain: An analysis of anxiety sensitivity. J Pain. 2009;10:408–415
  30. Merlijn VP, Hunfeld JA, van der Wouden JC, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, Koes BW, Passchier J. Psychosocial factors associated with chronic pain in adolescents. Pain. 2003;101:33–43
  31. Muris P, Merckelbach H, Ollendick T, King N, Bogie N. Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: Their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40:753–772
  32. Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, Hunfeld JA, Bohnen AM, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Passchier J, et al. Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience. Pain. 2000;87:51–58
  33. Peterson CC, Palermo TM. Parental reinforcement of recurrent pain: The moderating impact of child depression and anxiety on functional disability. J Pediatr Psychol. 2004;29:331–341
  34. Plehn K, Peterson RA, Williams DA. Anxiety sensitivity: Its relationship to functional status in patients with chronic pain. J Occup Rehabil. 1998;8:213–222
  35. Reid GJ, Lang BA, McGrath PJ. Primary juvenile fibromyalgia: Psychological adjustment, family functioning, coping, and functional disability. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:752–760
  36. Reynolds CR, Richmond BO. What I think and feel: a revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1978;6:271–280
  37. Roth-Isigkeit A, Thyen U, Stoven H, Schwarzenberger J, Schmucker P. Pain among children and adolescents: Restrictions in daily living and triggering factors. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e152–162
  38. Silverman WK, Pina AA, Viswesvaran C. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37:105–130
  39. Spence SH. A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36:545–566
  40. Spence SH. Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: A confirmatory factor-analytic study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1997;106:280–297
  41. Spence SH, Barrett PM, Turner CM. Psychometric properties of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale with young adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2003;17:605–625
  42. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch PL, Lushene RE. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press; 1970;
  43. Spring B. Evidence-based practice in clinical psychology: what it is, why it matters; what you need to know. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63:611–631
  44. Stanford EA, Chambers CT, Biesanz JC, Chen E. The frequency, trajectories and predictors of adolescent recurrent pain: A population-based approach. Pain. 2008;138:11–21
  45. Starr LR, Davila J. Differentiating interpersonal correlates of depressive symptoms and social anxiety in adolescence: Implications for models of comorbidity. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37:337–349
  46. Stewart SH, Asmundson GJ. Anxiety sensitivity and its impact on pain experiences and conditions: A state of the art. Cogn Behav Ther. 2006;35:185–188
  47. Strahl C, Kleinknecht RA, Dinnel DL. The role of pain anxiety, coping, and pain self-efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis patient functioning. Behav Res Ther. 2000;38:863–873
  48. Tsao JC, Meldrum M, Kim SC, Zeltzer LK. Anxiety sensitivity and health-related quality of life in children with chronic pain. J Pain. 2007;8:814–823
  49. Turk DC, Okifuji A. Psychological factors in chronic pain: evolution and revolution. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:678–690
  50. Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art. Pain. 2000;85:317–332
  51. Vowles KE, Gross RT. Work-related beliefs about injury and physical capability for work in individuals with chronic pain. Pain. 2003;101:291–298
  52. Walker LS, Greene JW. The functional disability inventory: Measuring a neglected dimension of child health status. J Pediatr Psychol. 1991;16:39–58
  53. Whiteside SP, Brown AM. Exploring the utility of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scales parent- and child-report forms in a North American sample. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22:1440–1446

 Support for this research was in part provided by the University of Bath David Parkin Visiting Professorship to Dr. Lindsey Cohen.

PII: S1526-5900(09)00763-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.09.009

The Journal of Pain
Volume 11, Issue 11 , Pages 1039-1046 , November 2010