The Journal of Pain
Volume 11, Issue 8 , Pages 710-717 , August 2010

A Principal Components Analysis of Negative Affect-Related Constructs Relevant to Pain: Evidence for a Three Component Structure

Received 1 May 2009 ,Revised 30 September 2009 ,Accepted 12 October 2009.

References 

  1. Abrams MP, Carleton RN, Asmundson GJG. An exploration of the psychometric properties of the PASS-20 with a nonclinical sample. J Pain. 2007;8:879–886
  2. Antony MM, Bieling PJ, Cox BJ, Enns MW, Swinson RP. Psychometric Properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychol Assessment. 1998;10:176–181
  3. Asmundson GJ, Norton PJ, Vlaeyen JWS. Fear-avoidance models of chronic pain: An overview. In:  Asmundson GJ,  Vlaeyen JWS,  Crombez G editor. Understanding and treating fear of pain. 1st ed.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2004;p. 3–24
  4. Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. Role of anxiety sensitivity in pain-related fear and avoidance. J Behav Med. 1996;19:577–586
  5. Banks SM, Kerns RD. Explaining high rates of depression in chronic pain: A diathesis-stress framework. Psychol Bull. 1996;119:95–110
  6. Barlow DH. Anxiety and its Disorders. 2nd ed.. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002;
  7. Carleton RN, Asmundson GJ, Taylor S. Fear of physical harm: Factor structure and psychometric properties of the injury/illness sensitivity index. J Psychopathol Behav. 2005;27:235–241
  8. Clark LA, Watson D. Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J Abnorm Psycho. 1991;100:316–336
  9. Comrey AL, Lee HB. A First Course in Factor Analysis. 2nd ed.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1992;
  10. Conrad R, Schilling G, Bausch C, Nadstawek J, Wartenberg HC, Wegener I, et al. Temperament and character personality profiles and personality disorders in chronic pain patients. Pain. 2007;133:197–209
  11. Coons MJ, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Asmundson GJ. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20 in a community physiotherapy clinic sample. Eur J Pain. 2004;8:511–516
  12. Crombez G, Vlaeyen JWS, Heuts PHTG, Lysens R. Pain-related fear is more disabling than fear itself: Evidence on the role of pain-related fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain. 1999;80:329–339
  13. Davidson MA, Tripp DA, Fabrigar LR, Davidson PR. Chronic pain assessment: A seven-factor model. Pain Res Manage. 2008;13:299–308
  14. Drahovzal DN, Stewart SH, Sullivan MJL. Tendency to catastrophize somatic sensations: Pain catastrophizing and anxiety sensitivity in predicting headache. Cogn Behav Ther. 2006;35:226–235
  15. Keefe FJ, Brown GK, Wallston KA. Coping with rheumatoid arthritis: Catastrophizing as a maladaptive strategy. Pain. 1989;37:51–56
  16. Keefe FJ, Lumley M, Anderson T, Lynch T, Carson KL. Pain and emotion: New research directions. J Clin Psychol. 2001;57:587–607
  17. Keogh E, Asmundson GJ. Negative affectivity, catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity. In:  Asmundson GJ,  Vlaeyen JWS,  Crombez G editor. Understanding and Treating Fear of Pain. 1st ed.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2004;p. 91–115
  18. Keogh E, Barlow C, Mounce C, Bond FW. Assessing the relationship between cold pressor pain responses and dimensions of the anxiety sensitivity profile in healthy men and women. Cogn Behav Ther. 2006;35:198–206
  19. Leary MR. A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Pers Soc Psychol B. 1983;9:371–375
  20. Leeuw M, Goossens MEJB, Linton SJ, Crombez G, Boersma K, Vlaeyen JWS. The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: Current state of scientific evidence. J Behav Med. 2007;30:77–94
  21. Liebert RM, Morris LW. Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychol Rep. 1967;20:975–978
  22. Lilienfeld SO, Turner SM, Jacob RG. Anxiety sensitivity: An examination of theoretical and methodological issues. Adv Behav Res Ther. 1993;15:147–183
  23. Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. 2nd ed.. Sydney, Australia: Psychology Foundation; 1995;
  24. MacDonald G, Leary MR. Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychol Bull. 2005;131:202–223
  25. Maller RG, Reiss S. A behavioral validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. J Anxiety Disord. 1987;1:265–272
  26. McCracken LM, Dhingra L. A short version of the pain anxiety symptoms scale (PASS-20): Preliminary development and validity. Pain Res Manag. 2002;7:45–50
  27. McCracken LM, Zayfert C, Gross RT. The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale: Development and validation of a scale to measure fear of pain. Pain. 1992;50:67–73
  28. McNeil DW, Rainwater AJ. Development of the Fear of Pain questionnaire - III. J Behav Med. 1998;21:389–410
  29. Morris LW, Davis MA, Hutchings CH. Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale. J Educ Psychol. 1981;73:541–555
  30. Norton PJ, Asmundson GJ. Amending the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain: What is the role of psychological arousal?. Behav Ther. 2003;34:17–30
  31. Osman A, Barrios FX, Gutierrez PM, Kopper BA, Merrifield T, Grittmann L. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Further psychometric evaluation with adult samples. J Behav Med. 2000;23:351–365
  32. Osman A, Barrios FX, Kopper BA, Hauptmann W, Jones J, O'Neill E. Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale. J Behav Med. 1997;20:589–605
  33. Peterson RA, Heilbronner RL. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index: Construct validity and factor analytic structure. J Anx Disord. 1987;1:117–121
  34. Reiss S, Peterson RA, Gursky DM, McNally RJ. Anxiety Sensitivity, Anxiety Frequency and the Prediction of Fearfulness. Behav Res Ther. 1986;24:1–8
  35. Roelofs J, McCracken LM, Peters ML, Crombez G, van Breukelen G, Vlaeyen JWS. Psychometric evaluation of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) in chronic pain patients. J Behav Med. 2004;27:167–183
  36. Schmidt NB, Cook JH. Effects of anxiety sensitivity on anxiety and pain during a cold pressor challenge in patients with panic disorder. Behav Res Ther. 1999;37:313–323
  37. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene R, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the State-trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). 1st ed.. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press; 1983;
  38. Sullivan MJL, Bishop SR, Pivik J. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. Psychol Assess. 1995;7:524–532
  39. Sullivan MJL, Thorn B, Haythornthwaite JA, Keefe FJ, Martin M, Bradley LA, et al. Theoretical perspectives on the relationship between catastrophizing and pain. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:52–64
  40. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th ed.. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc; 2007;
  41. Tang J, Gibson SJ. A psychophysical evaluation of the relationship between trait anxiety, pain perception, and induced state anxiety. J Pain. 2005;6:612–619
  42. Taylor S. The structure of fundamental fears. J Behav Ther Exp Psy. 1993;24:289–299
  43. Vancleef LMG, Peters ML, Gilissen SMP, De Jong PJ. Understanding the role of injury/illness sensitivity and anxiety sensitivity in (automatic) pain processing: An examination using the extrinsic affective simon task. J Pain. 2007;8:563–572
  44. Vancleef LMG, Peters ML, Roelofs J, Asmundson GJ. Do fundamental fears differentially contribute to pain-related fear and pain catastrophizing? An evaluation of the sensitivity index. Eur J Pain. 2006;10:527–536
  45. Vlaeyen JWS, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art. Pain. 2000;85:317–322
  46. Watson D, Clark AC. Affects separable and inseparable: On the hierarchical arrangements of the negative effects. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;62:489–505
  47. Watson D, Clark AC, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative effect: The PANAS Scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54:1063–1070
  48. Zelman DC, Howland EW, Nichols SN, Cleeland CS. The effects of induced mood on laboratory pain. Pain. 1991;46:105–111
  49. Zinbarg RE, Barlow DH, Brown TA. Hierarchical structure and general factor saturation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index: Evidence and implications. Psychol Assess. 1997;9:277–284
  50. Zvolensky MJ, Goodie JL, McNeil DW, Sperry JA, Sorrell JT. Anxiety sensitivity in the prediction of pain-related fear and anxiety in a heterogeneous chronic pain population. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39:683–696

 Supported by a University Research Studentship from the Psychology Department, University of Bath.

PII: S1526-5900(09)00814-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.10.014

The Journal of Pain
Volume 11, Issue 8 , Pages 710-717 , August 2010