Highlights
- •Parents of children with chronic pain show significantly higher levels of child- and self-oriented perceived injustice in relation to their child's pain than do parents of healthy children.
- •The IEQ-Pc and IEQ-Ps do not seem to fully capture the construct of parental child- and self-oriented injustice perceptions in relation to their child's pain.
- •Both measures do show associations with child pain-related functioning.
Abstract
A growing pediatric and adult literature highlights the role of injustice appraisals
in adjustment to pain. However, interpersonal injustice dynamics have remained largely
unexplored. The present study investigated the factor structure and criterion validity
of parentally adjusted versions of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire, assessing
child-oriented (IEQ-Pc) and self-oriented appraisals (IEQ-Ps) in the context of child
pain. Participants were triads of healthy children (N = 407, Mage = 12) and both their parents and dyads of children with chronic pain (N = 319, Mage = 14) and 1 parent. In both samples, children completed measures of functional disability
and quality of life (physical, emotional, social, and academic); parents completed
the IEQ-Pc, IEQ-Ps, and a measure of parental catastrophizing about child pain. Across
samples, a confirmatory oblique two-factor model (Severity/Irreparability-Blame/Unfairness)
provided a better fit to the data compared to a one-factor model; nevertheless, the
two-factor solution was considered suboptimal. A post hoc exploratory factor analysis
consistently revealed 1 factor. In terms of criterion validity, the IEQ-Pc and IEQ-Ps
demonstrated differential associations depending on the child's pain versus healthy
status, independent of parental catastrophizing. Further, findings in the healthy
sample indicated that fathers’ self-oriented injustice appraisals related to lower
child social function. In the clinical sample, parental child-oriented injustice appraisals
related to greater child functional disability and lower physical, emotional, social,
and academic function. Current findings support the unique role of parental injustice
appraisals, assessed by the IEQ-Pc and IEQ-Ps, in understanding child pain, but also
suggest these may only partially capture the phenomenology of parental injustice appraisals
in the context of child pain.
Perspective
This manuscript presents an examination of the construct and criterion validity of
2 parentally adjusted versions of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire. These measures
could be valuable tools for clinicians in examining how parents respond to their child's
pain as it impacts both the child's life and the parents’.
Key words
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to The Journal of PainAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Validation of the injustice experience questionnaire in a heterogeneous trauma sample.Rehabil Psychol. 2016; 61: 336-344
- American and Japanese chronic low back pain patients: Cross-cultural similarities and differences.Clin J Pain. 1990; 6: 118-124
- Back-translation for cross-cultural research.J Cross Cult Psychol. 1970; 1: 185-216
- Parents who catastrophize about their child's pain prioritize attempts to control pain.Pain. 2012; 153: 1695-1701
- Parental catastrophizing about child's pain and its relationship with activity restriction: The mediating role of parental distress.Pain. 2011; 152: 212-222
- The impact of maternal behavior on children's pain experiences: An experimental analysis.J Pediatr Psychol. 2002; 27: 293-301
- Parental socialization of emotion expression: Gender differences and relations to child adjustment.Emotion. 2005; 5: 80-88
- Functional assessment of pediatric pain patients: Psychometric properties of the functional disability inventory.Pain. 2006; 121: 77-84
- The social communication model of pain.Can Psychol. 2009; 50: 22-32
- The child version of the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS-C): A preliminary validation.Pain. 2003; 104: 639-646
Crombez G, De Paepe AL, Veirman E, Eccleston C, Van Ryckeghem DML: Let's talk about pain catastrophizing measures: An item content analysis. Pain (in submission)
- Adolescent chronic pain: Patterns and predictors of emotional distress in adolescents with chronic pain and their parents.Pain. 2004; 108: 221-229
- Health related quality of life of Dutch children: Psychometric properties of the PedsQL in the Netherlands.BMC Pediatr. 2009; 9: 68-75
- Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.Psychol Methods. 1999; 4: 272
- To match or not to match in epidemiological studies—Same outcome but less power.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010; 7: 325-332
- Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self-care.J Clin Psychol. 2002; 58: 1433-1441
- Efficacy of adding interoceptive exposure to intensive interdisciplinary treatment for adolescents with chronic pain: A randomized controlled trial.Pain. 2018; 159: 2223-2233
- Facing others in pain: The effects of empathy.Pain. 2005; 118: 285-288
- Parental catastrophizing about their child's pain. The parent version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-P): A preliminary validation.Pain. 2006; 123: 254-263
- A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication.Psychol Bull. 2011; 137: 910-939
- Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis.Org Res Methods. 2004; 7: 191-205
- Parental catastrophizing about their child's chronic pain: Are mothers and fathers different?.Eur J Pain. 2011; 15: 1-9
- Observing others’ anger and guilt can make you feel unfairly treated: The interpersonal effects of emotions on justice-related reactions.Soc Just Res. 2017; 30: 238-269
- Cultural dimensions in management and planning.Asia Pacific J Management. 1984; 1: 81-99
- Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification.Psychol Methods. 1998; 3: 424
- Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.Struct Equ Modeling. 1999; 6: 1-55
- Chronic pain and its impact on quality of life in adolescents and their families.J Pediatr Psychol. 2001; 26: 145-153
- Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: An overview and some recommendations.Psychol Methods. 2009; 14: 6-23
- Parental functioning in the context of adolescent chronic pain: A review of previously used measures.J Pediatr Psychol. 2008; 33: 640-659
- Being a parent of the adolescent with complex chronic pain: An interpretative phenomenological analysis.Eur J Pain. 2007; 11: 49
- Confirmatory factor analysis of the injustice experience questionnaire in an Australian compensable population.J Occup Rehabil. 2014; 24: 385-392
- Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience and physiology.J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998; 74: 686-703
- Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups.Psychol Bull. 1985; 97: 562
- Perceived injustice is associated with pain and functional outcomes in children and adolescents with chronic pain: A preliminary examination.J Pain. 2016; 17: 1217-1226
- Injustice perceptions about pain: Parent-child discordance is associated with worse functional outcomes.Pain Online. 2018; : 1-7
- Caregiving demands and caregivers’ psychological outcomes: The mediating role of perceived injustice.Clin Rehabil. 2016; 31: 403-413
- Impact of recurrent and chronic pain on child and family daily functioning: A critical review of the literature.J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2000; 21: 58-69
- Parent and family factors in pediatric chronic pain and disability: An integrative approach.Pain. 2005; 119: 1-4
- Parents of children and adolescents with chronic pain.Pain. 2009; 146: 15-17
- What's wrong with Bonferroni corrections.Br Med J. 1998; 316: 1236-1238
- Gender role expectations of pain: Relationship to sex differences in pain.J Pain. 2001; 2: 251-257
- Perceived injustice in fibromyalgia: Psychometric characteristics of the injustice experience questionnaire and relationship with pain catastrophising and pain acceptance.J Psychosom Res. 2012; 73: 86-91
- Chronic pain patient-partner interactions: Further support for a behavioral model of chronic pain.Behav Ther. 2000; 31: 415-440
- In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis in personality and social psychology bulletin.Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2002; 28: 1629-1646
- Chronic low back pain patients around the world: Cross-cultural similarities and differences.Clin J Pain. 1992; 8: 317-323
- A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis.Psychometrika. 2001; 66: 507-514
- Anger differentially mediates the relationship between perceived injustice and chronic pain outcomes.Pain. 2013; 154: 1691-1698
- Employee justice across cultures: A meta-analytic review.J Manag. 2013; 39: 263-301
- Linking mother-father differences in parenting to a typology of family parenting styles and adolescent outcomes.J Fam Issues. 2007; 28: 212-241
- The role of perceived injustice in the experience of chronic pain and disability: Scale development and validation.J Occup Rehabil. 2008; 18: 249-261
- Catastrophizing and perceived injustice: Risk factors for the transition to chronicity after whiplash injury.Spine. 2011; 36: 244-249
- Perceived injustice is associated with heightened pain behavior and disability in individuals with whiplash injuries.Psychol Inj Law. 2009; 2: 238-247
- Perceived injustice: A risk factor for problematic pain outcomes.Clin J Pain. 2012; 28: 484-488
- The pain catastrophizing scale: Development and validation.Psychol Assess. 1995; 7: 524-532
- How emotions regulate social life: The emotions as social information (EASI) model.Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2009; 18: 184-188
- PedsQL™ 4.0: Reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations.Med Care. 2001; 39: 800-812
- Catastrophic thinking about pain is independently associated with pain severity, disability, and somatic complaints in school children and children with chronic pain.J Pediatr Psychol. 2005; 31: 674-683
- Mothers’ and fathers’ responses to their child's pain moderate the relationship between the child's pain catastrophizing and disability.Pain. 2011; 152: 786-793
- Examining affective-motivational dynamics and behavioral implications within the interpersonal context of pain.J Pain. 2017; 18: 1174-1183
- Emotion regulatory function of parent attention to child pain and associated implications for parental pain control behaviour.Pain. 2014; 155: 1453-1463
- The chronic pain acceptance questionnaire: Confirmatory factor analysis and identification of patient subgroups.Pain. 2008; 140: 284-291
- The functional disability inventory: Measuring a neglected dimension of child health status.J Pediatr Psychol. 1991; 16: 39-58
- The Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer (CQOLC) scale: Development and validation of an instrument to measure quality of life of the family caregiver of patients with cancer.Qual Life Res. 1999; 8: 55-63
Wheaton B, Muthén B, Alwin D, Summers G. Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. In: Heise DR, editor, Sociological Methodology 1977, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
- Injustice experience questionnaire, Japanese version: Cross-cultural factor-structure comparison and demographics associated with perceived injustice.PloS One. 2016; 11e0160567
- Self-efficacy as a mediator of caregiver coping: Development and testing of an assessment model.J Clin Geropsychol. 1999; 5: 221-230
Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 17, 2019
Accepted:
June 19,
2019
Received in revised form:
May 22,
2019
Received:
February 15,
2019
Footnotes
Funding: This work was financially supported by an IASP collaborative grant awarded to Tine Vervoort.
Conflicts of Interest: There are no conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of the research presented in this article.
Identification
Copyright
© 2019 by United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc.
