Highlights
- •this article presents the SPaSE - a new measure of pain self-efficacy for children and adolescents
- •the SPaSE was carefully developed, validated and cross-validated
- •the SPaSE is available in both German and English language
- •the SPaSE can be used in research and clinical practice to measure treatment progress and outcome
Abstract
No validated measure for pain self-efficacy in children and adolescents is currently
available in the German language, and existing English versions have limitations.
This study used a thorough development process to create the Scale for Pain Self-Efficacy
(SPaSE) in both German and English languages. Scale development was based on self-efficacy
theory, adapting items from existing self-efficacy measures, and review of patients’
perspectives. The final version of the 11-item SPaSE was created with expert discussions
and testing of content validity, comprehensibility and construct validity. The validation
process consisted of exploratory factor analysis, testing of item characteristics,
internal consistency and sensitivity to change in two German samples of children and
adolescents with chronic pain (study 1: outpatient sample N=150, inpatient sample
N=31). Cross-validation in a US sample (study 2: N=98) confirmed the one-factor structure,
the sound psychometric properties and reliability of the SPaSE. Sum scores of the
SPaSE were negatively correlated with pain-related disability, pain intensity, passive
pain coping strategies and emotional distress, in line with previous research. The
valid and reliable SPaSE can be used in clinical practice to monitor pain treatment
progress, advances the field of pain self-efficacy research in Germany, and opens
the door to comparative research in German and English samples.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
January 7,
2023
Received in revised form:
December 1,
2022
Received:
September 8,
2022
Publication stage
In Press Journal Pre-ProofIdentification
Copyright
© Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc.
